What is ammonia? Its chemical properties and applications in everyday life.

There are scents that make people frown the moment they catch a hint of them, and there are names that may sound unfamiliar but are actually more closely connected to our daily lives than we realize. Ammonia is one of them. It is not as prominent as gold or iron, nor as mysterious as radioactive elements. It is neither loud nor flashy. Instead, it quietly exists and leaves its mark in its own way, sometimes as a faint pungent smell in the air, sometimes as an unseen component in everyday household products. We may have smelled it before, but rarely have we truly understood its nature.

When we mention ammonia, most people immediately think of a familiar gas with a sharp, unpleasant odor, something often associated with public restrooms. However, despite its seemingly unpleasant nature, ammonia actually plays an essential role in many industries, from agriculture and chemical manufacturing to environmental treatment.

What is ammonia?

Ammonia is an inorganic compound with the molecular formula NH₃, consisting of one nitrogen atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms. In everyday life, it is commonly referred to as “ammonia.” Under normal conditions, it exists as a colorless gas with a sharp, pungent odor and can cause suffocation if inhaled at high concentrations. In its pure form, it is known as anhydrous ammonia, characterized by strong hygroscopic properties and the ability to readily absorb moisture from the air.

In terms of physical properties, NH₃ has a melting point of −77.73°C and a boiling point of −33.34°C, which explains why it can be easily liquefied by compression under suitable pressure. In addition, it is lighter than air, with a density of about 0.6813 g/L under standard conditions, and due to its strong affinity for moisture, it readily absorbs water vapor from the surrounding environment.

Chemically, ammonia exhibits clear basic properties, turning moist litmus paper blue and causing phenolphthalein solution to turn pink. It dissolves well in water to form ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH), a substance that can cause strong irritation and even chemical burns upon direct contact. Furthermore, this gas can be liquefied under high pressure for various industrial applications.

In nature, NH₃ does not exist independently but plays an important role in the nitrogen cycle. It is produced through the decomposition of organic matter by bacteria and is present in various environments. In the atmosphere, its concentration is very low, around 0.0002%, mainly originating from the decomposition of plants, animals, and animal waste. In volcanic regions, ammonium salts such as chlorides and sulfates have been detected, released along with gases and ash during eruptions. The oceans are also a significant source, where biological decomposition continuously releases nitrogen-containing compounds into the environment. On land, ammonia exists in the form of ammonium ions, becoming an essential part of soil and being converted by bacteria into important nutrients for plants. Within the bodies of humans and animals, it serves as an intermediate compound in the synthesis of amino acids and nucleotides. However, when accumulated in excessive amounts, it becomes toxic and can disrupt the nervous system. To protect itself, the body quickly converts ammonia into urea and excretes it through urine, producing the characteristic pungent odor we commonly recognize.

Impacts of Ammonia on the Environment and Human Health

In daily life, people are often exposed to ammonia through the respiratory system, as it naturally exists in the environment and is also present in many household cleaning products. However, the largest sources of emissions come from agricultural activities, particularly large-scale livestock farming and the use of nitrogen-based fertilizers in the form of ammonium. In addition, chemical manufacturing, vehicle emissions, and evaporation from soil and oceans all contribute to increasing its concentration in the atmosphere.

The concern lies in the fact that ammonia is not merely a simple gas. It actively participates in the formation of secondary fine particulate matter, which reduces visibility and leads to nitrogen deposition in sensitive ecosystems. As a result, it can negatively impact both the natural environment and human health.

Livestock and crops died due to a toxic ammonia gas leak in Bình Chánh District in 2017. Source: Internet.

For the environment

Over the past few decades, numerous studies have recorded a significant global increase in emissions of this compound. A notable example is the work of SV Krupa published by the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH), which focuses on its impact on terrestrial vegetation. The findings show that direct exposure, especially in areas close to farming and livestock operations, can damage leaves. Most emissions are rapidly deposited within a radius of about 4 to 5 km from the source, and negative effects occur when the rate of absorption through leaves exceeds the plant’s natural detoxification capacity.

Beyond surface leaf damage, excessive concentrations can affect higher plants more deeply by altering growth processes, reducing productivity, and changing nutrient composition within plant tissues. It also weakens plants’ resistance to drought, cold, and pests. From an agricultural perspective, adding nitrogen to soil in the form of ammonia or ammonium ions (NH₄⁺) can lead to the formation of nitrates (NO₃⁻) and potent greenhouse gases such as nitrogen dioxide (NO₂). The leaching of nitrates into groundwater or their runoff into rivers and lakes further contributes to serious environmental pollution.

Overall, the uncontrolled rise in emissions has created a chain of consequences, from vegetation degradation and soil and water pollution to negative impacts on public health and global climate change.

For humans

Anhydrous ammonia is lighter than air and typically rises and disperses quickly. However, in humid conditions, such as areas with high relative humidity, it can condense into a vapor heavier than air and spread close to the ground, increasing the risk of human exposure. When it comes into contact with moisture on the skin, eyes, oral mucosa, or respiratory tract, it reacts almost immediately to form ammonium hydroxide, which can destroy lipids in cell membranes through a process known as saponification. This leads to cell structure damage, accompanied by inflammatory reactions, tissue necrosis, and more severe injuries.

Inhaling ammonia at low concentrations may cause discomfort, with symptoms such as headaches, fatigue, and reduced concentration. Prolonged exposure or higher concentrations can burn the mucous membranes of the nose, throat, and respiratory tract, potentially leading to bronchial edema, alveolar damage, and even acute respiratory failure. Common symptoms include persistent coughing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, rapid heartbeat, weak pulse, along with nausea, abdominal cramps, headaches, and dizziness. In severe cases, it may result in impaired mobility or stroke. Notably, children are generally more sensitive than adults, meaning the same level of exposure can lead to more serious consequences.

Exposure is not limited to inhalation. Direct contact with the skin or eyes is also dangerous. At lower levels, it causes rapid irritation, but at higher concentrations, it can result in severe burns, tissue necrosis, and permanent eye damage, including blindness. Contact with concentrated ammonia solutions, such as those used in industrial cleaning products, increases the risk of corrosive injury. In its liquefied NH₃ form, direct contact can also cause cold burns due to frostbite.

Applications of Ammonia in Daily Life

According to the IEA, although NH₃ can have certain negative impacts on the environment and human health, it remains indispensable to both agriculture and industry. Today, ammonia is the second most produced chemical in the world, after sulfuric acid. While pure ammonia is commonly used in laboratories, at various concentrations, NH₃ serves as one of the most essential basic chemicals in the production of many everyday products, including the following:

Use in agriculture

Approximately 90% of total NH₃ production is used in agriculture, as this nitrogen-containing compound plays a crucial role as a primary raw material for fertilizer production. Through the Haber–Bosch process, ammonia is synthesized and converted into salts such as ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, and urea, which are widely used as fertilizers to supply nitrogen to the soil. This helps improve crop yields and enhance the quality of agricultural products. Beyond chemical fertilizers, ammonia solutions are also directly applied in certain cases for soil treatment, providing nutrients while limiting the growth of harmful microorganisms.

In addition to its nutritional role, ammonia also indirectly contributes to pest control. Some of its derivatives are used as plant protection agents or additives in post-harvest treatment processes, helping to extend the shelf life of agricultural products. Notably, due to its volatility and ability to penetrate, it can be applied in soil disinfection before planting, creating a favorable environment for seedlings to grow. However, its use must be carefully controlled in terms of concentration and application methods, as excessive amounts can harm plants and lead to pollution of surrounding water and air.

Ammonium-based fertilizers provide a valuable source of nutrients for many types of plants. Source: Google Images.

In industry

This nitrogen-rich compound is considered a versatile raw material, playing a role in a wide range of production processes. Its diverse applications have made ammonia one of the foundational inputs of modern industry. In its most basic role, it is used as a stabilizer, a neutralizing agent, or a nitrogen source for various chemical reactions, serving industries such as wastewater treatment, leather processing, rubber and paper manufacturing, as well as food and beverage production. In environmental protection, ammonia is used in treatment systems to remove NOx and SOx gases, which are harmful byproducts of fossil fuel combustion, thereby helping to reduce air pollution.

Another notable application is in refrigeration technology. Thanks to its ability to be easily liquefied and evaporated, this pungent gas is widely used in cold storage facilities and industrial air conditioning systems, offering high efficiency at relatively low cost. In addition, it is present in the pharmaceutical industry as a synthesis intermediate, in cosmetics and printing due to its alkaline nature and pH-regulating ability. In biotechnology, NH₃ is also utilized in certain fermentation processes, supporting microbial growth and the production of desired products.

In household products

Ammonia is not limited to industrial or agricultural use. It has long been present in many households as a key ingredient in familiar cleaning products. For example, in glass cleaners, floor cleaners, and kitchen cleaning solutions, it is often added to enhance the ability to dissolve grease and dirt effectively without leaving streaks after wiping. Some multi-purpose cleaners also take advantage of its strong alkaline properties to remove stubborn stains, especially those of organic origin such as sweat, grease, or mud.

In addition, solutions containing low concentrations of this compound are used in laundry to help brighten fabrics and eliminate odors. Some hair dyes also contain ammonia-derived ingredients to open the hair cuticle, allowing the color to adhere more effectively. However, despite its wide range of applications and convenience, products containing ammonia should be used with caution at home: avoid direct inhalation, limit contact with skin and eyes, and always store them in well-ventilated areas, out of reach of children.

Other applications

• Ammonia is used as a raw material in the production of antibacterial agents, disinfectants, and various chemicals such as nitric acid, hydrogen cyanide, ammonium carbonate, phenol, urea, and amino acids.
• It is also applied in metal processing activities, including carburizing, nitriding, furnace brazing, bright annealing, and atomic hydrogen welding.
• In the oil and gas industry, ammonia is used to neutralize acidic components in crude oil and help prevent equipment corrosion. Additionally, NH₃ is utilized in the mining industry to extract certain metals.

Precautions for transporting and storing NH₃

• In industry, ammonia is typically transported in its liquefied, compressed form and stored in specialized steel cylinders. During storage and transportation, it is essential to avoid exposing these cylinders to high temperatures, as a sudden increase in pressure may lead to explosions. It should also not be transported together with people or flammable materials to minimize risks.
• Cylinders should be arranged upright in a single row, with padding between them to prevent collisions. During handling, care must be taken to ensure gentle operations, avoiding drops or strong impacts, and they must never be placed in hot or poorly ventilated areas.
• To ensure safety, NH₃ is usually stored in liquid tanks or clearly labeled containers, filled to no more than 80% of their capacity to allow for expansion. Ammonia storage areas should be dry, cool, and well-ventilated, located away from fire or explosion hazards. It is also important to keep them away from heat sources, moisture, and incompatible chemicals, as even a small mistake can lead to serious consequences.

What to do when exposed to ammonia?

If an NH₃ leak is detected, quickly put on a mask and move to a well-ventilated area as soon as possible. If exposure occurs, cut off contaminated clothing instead of pulling it off in the usual way to avoid spreading the chemical over the body. It is crucial to rinse off any chemical on the body with clean water as quickly as possible. In addition, note the following:

• Wash eyeglasses with soap and water before wearing them again. If you are using contact lenses, remove and discard them.
• Use only clean water to remove ammonia from the skin. Do not use hand washes or common cleaning agents.
• If swallowed, rinse your mouth thoroughly with clean water several times, then drink 1–2 glasses of milk.
• Seek medical attention immediately if necessary.

In general, although there is no specific antidote for ammonia poisoning, most victims recover, so there is no need to panic. However, in severe cases, such as intense coughing or throat burns, hospital treatment is required.

Ammonia should be transported using specialized tank trucks to ensure safety and prevent leaks that could cause environmental pollution. Source: KPTCHEM.

In summary, we have explored key information about ammonia. KPTCHEM hopes this article provides useful and interesting insights. If you are looking for a reliable NH₃ chemical supplier, feel free to contact us via our hotline for quick consultation. Don’t forget to visit our website at www.kptchem.com to learn more about other applied chemicals!